Federico "Fred" Elizalde (December 12, 1907 – January 16, 1979) was a Philippines-born Spanish classical and jazz pianist, composer, conductor, and bandleader.
Elizalde was born in Manila, Philippines.[1][2] His wealthy family owned several plantations in the Philippines. At the age of only seven[3] he entered the Madrid Royal Conservatory, winning the first prize in piano at age 14.[3] He then studied at St. Joseph's College, London and went to study law at Stanford University in the 1920s. His musical interests prevailed and he left the university. He took composition lessons under Ernst Bloch at Stanford, and gave up law temporarily for music, leaving the school in 1926. He then embarked on a career as a jazz bandleader, leading the Stanford University Band at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles while he studied composition. He recorded with the Cinderella Roof Orchestra in 1926, then returned to England, where he entered Cambridge University in the autumn as a law student. This lasted only a year; soon after reaching England, Elizalde formed a new band, the Quinquaginta Band,[3] which became highly successful and influential on the development of British jazz music in the late 1920s.
Elizalde criticized British dance music for its Viennese qualities, and sought to bring more American principles of rhythm to the British scene. He recorded with his band in 1927 under several ensemble names for Brunswick and Decca. In his run at the Savoy Hotel in London, his band featured many of the best players in early British jazz, including Norman Payne, Jack Jackson, and Harry Hayes, as well as Americans such as Chelsea Quealey, Bobby Davis, Fud Livingston, Adrian Rollini, and Arthur Rollini. The band was voted best popular dance orchestra in Melody Maker in 1928, but "older guests at the [Savoy] hotel were offended by his music, and controversial broadcasts over the BBC didn't help his case. In July 1929 his contract expired and was not renewed."[4] Concomitantly, Elizalde also composed works which melded jazz and European concert music elements, including The Heart of a Nigger (1927; produced in 1928 by Sergei Diaghilev)[3] and Bataclan (1929).
In 1928 he visited Germany and became closely associated with Siegfried Wagner.[3] He also conducted orchestras in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. In 1928 he wrote the music for Pola Negri's final silent film, The Way of Lost Souls (1929; aka The Woman He Scorned).[5][6][7]
Elizalde broke up his band in 1929 just after a poorly received tour in Scotland and the onset of the Great Depression, which necessitated the return home of many of his American sidemen. He led a new group at the Duchess Theater in London in 1930, but later that year returned to Manila to accept a position as conductor of the Manila Symphony Orchestra. By now he had received his parents' permission to devote himself entirely to music (he was still only 23).[3] He conducted in the 1930s in Biarritz, Paris, and Madrid, and recorded for the last time in 1933 on a brief return trip to Britain. His symphonic poems Jota, Spiritual and Moods were written in these years.[3] In 1931-33 he was in Paris, where he was closely associated with Maurice Ravel and Darius Milhaud, and conducted the first performances of some of Milhaud's works.[3] In 1932 he composed some songs for Conchita Supervía and incidental music for La pajara puita by Rafael Allreti.[3]
While in Spain, Elizalde studied under and spent much time with Manuel de Falla, who always regarded him as one of his best interpreters.[3] On one occasion he conducted Falla's Harpsichord Concerto with the composer at the keyboard.[3] He also set to music Titeres de Cachiporra and Don Perlimplin by Federico García Lorca, with whom he was also closely associated.[3] In 1935 he was named as Spanish delegate to the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino.[3] In 1936 he conducted his Sinfonia Concertante for piano and orchestra, with Leopoldo Querol as soloist.
In 1936 he returned from France to enrol in the Requeti troops of Navarre, a Basque regiment, and fought under Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War until 1939. He was wounded and decorated during the war. He first emigrated to Manila then moved to France, where he lived under confinement in a house near Bayonne under the German occupation.
During this time he composed extensively, his works including:
In 1948 he returned once again to Manila, where he conducted the Manila Symphony Orchestra again, founded the Manila Little Symphony Orchestra, and became president of the national radio broadcasting company. He did some conducting in Japan, and led the LSO at the Royal Festival Hall during the Festival of Britain in 1951,[3] but otherwise did little work outside of the Philippines through his 1974 retirement.
Outside of music, he was an excellent sharpshooter and won gold medals as captain of the Philippines shooting team in the 1954 Asiad.